Salt Lake City

Transportation

801-535-6630 | transportation@slcgov.com

Traffic Calming Toolkit

Responsive Margin

Overview

The following treatments are what will be implemented through the Livable Streets program, Neighborhood Byways program, and other traffic calming projects across the City. These treatments have been vetted by various departments of the Salt Lake City government, and almost all exist in some form on Salt Lake City streets today.

This toolkit contains 18 different devices that address concerns such as speeding vehicles, high traffic volumes, cut-through traffic, or other safety concerns. The devices vary in their ability to treat various traffic-related concerns.

Explore this page to learn about the different options that may be feasible for traffic calming projects.


Non-Physical Devices

Non-physical devices include any measure that does not require physical changes to the roadway. They are intended to increase drivers’ awareness of surroundings and influence driver behavior without physical devices. Because these devices are not self-enforcing, they have limited effectiveness as standalone devices and should supplement physical devices.

Speed Trailer

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Relatively low costEffectiveness may be temporary
Quick implementation/immediate feedback
Does not require officer to be present
Can be moved to different locations
Data can be recorded

Portable speed trailers visually display drivers’ real-time speeds compared to the speed limit. This device serves as an educational tool, as it allows both the driver and other people using the street to observe the actual speeds at which vehicles are traveling. This encourages the driver to adjust their speed in accordance with the speed limit.

Speed trailers are not a substitute for permanent actions. If the technology allows it, the agency can use innovative strategies that give positive reinforcement for adhering to the speed limit. Scotland’s automated speed signs show drivers who travel the speed limit a smiley face and message such as “thanks for driving safely.”

Signage

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Truck restrictions can reduce through truck trafficMay divert traffic issues to another street
Turn restrictions can reduce cut-through traffic at specific times of dayTurn restriction require enforcement during time of restriction to be effective
Does not slow emergency vehicles or buses
Can increase safety at an intersection by prohibiting certain turning movements
Low cost

Signage that can be used as a traffic management measure include truck restriction signs and signs, and general turn restrictions. Turn-movement restrictions involve the use of signs to prevent undesired turning movements without the use of physical devices. The restrictions may generally apply to turning movements in or out of a residential street to a larger street. The turn-movement restrictions may be permanent or only during peak commute hours.

Centerline/Edgeline Lane Striping

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
InexpensiveRequires regular maintenance
Can be used to create bicycles lanes or delineate on-street parkingHas not been shown to significantly reduce travels speeds
Does not slow emergency vehicles or buses

Lane striping can be used to create formal bicycle lanes, parking lanes, or edge lines. As a traffic management measure, they are used to narrow the travel lanes for vehicles.

Education

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Relatively inexpensiveStaff time required to maintain these resources
Can be implemented incrementally over time

A variety of education strategies can be used to educate people on the safety risks associated with speeding. Changing driver behavior and attitudes will require increased public safety education. The following strategies can be employed by agencies as funding and Staff resources allow: Brochure – describe the Traffic Calming Program and process. Traffic Safety newsletter (jurisdiction-wide and/or neighborhood specific) – provide information on volumes, speeds, speeding fines (particularly in school zones), and average speeds; describe traffic concerns and recommendations; provide reminders of traffic laws and traffic safety tips for all modes. Website – have a designated page on the agency’s website to provide information on the Traffic Calming Program and the same information recommended for the newsletter. Speed yard signs – implement a public safety education campaign targeting safe speeds. Make yard signs available to the public for free. They should be brightly colored and include phrases like, “Look out for each other,” “Keep kids safe,” and “SLOW DOWN. Drive like you live here.”

Speed Feedback Sign

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Real-time speed feedbackEffectiveness may be temporary
Does not physically slow emergency vehicles or busesMay require power source or stop working if solar power is insufficient
Permanent installationOnly effective for one direction of travel
Speed and count data can be recordedSubject to vandalism
Often solar powered

Speed feedback signs measure each approaching vehicle’s speed. Real-time speeds are relayed to drivers and flash when speeds exceed the limit. Speed feedback signs are typically mounted on or near speed limit signs and are most common in school zones.


Speed Control Devices – Vertical

Vertical deflection devices use variations in pavement height and alternative paving materials to physically reduce travel speeds. These devices are designed for travel speeds over the device of approximately 15 to 20 MPH, depending on the device.

Speed Lump/Cushion

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Effective in reducing speedsMaintenance and snow removal can be challenging
Maintains rapid emergency response timesVehicles with wide wheel base can pass through the lump using the wheel cut-outs
Relatively easy for bicyclists to crossIncreased noise from vehicles accelerating

Speed lumps are rounded, raised areas placed across the road with two wheel cut-outs designed to allow large vehicles, such as emergency vehicles and buses, to pass with minimal slowing. The design limits passenger cars and mid-size SUVs from fully passing through the cut-outs and requires travel over the lump. They are slightly less than four inches high, typically parabolic in shape, and have a design speed of 15 to 20 MPH. A series of speed lumps are often needed to retain slower speeds over a longer distance.

Raised Crosswalk

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Effective in reducing speeds, though not to the extent of speed lumpsIncreased noise
Maintenance easier than speed lumpsImpact to drainage needs to be considered
Improve safety for both vehicles and pedestrians

Raised crosswalks are speed tables striped with crosswalk markings and signage to channelize pedestrian crossings, providing pedestrians with a level street crossing. Also, by raising the level of the crossing, pedestrians are more visible to approaching motorists. Stamped concrete can give the appearance of brick or other textured materials, which would improve the appearance of speed tables, draw attention to them, and may enhance safety and speed reduction.

Speed Hump

More Details

AdvantagesDisadvantages
Effective in reducing speedsSlows down emergency vehicles and buses
Maintenance and snow removal can be challenging
Increased noise
More difficult for bicyclists to cross

Speed humps are rounded raised areas placed across the road, but unlike speed lumps, they do not have cut-outs for large vehicles and bicycles. They are typically 3-3.5 inches high, typically parabolic in shape, and have a design speed of 15 to 20 MPH. A series of speed humps are often needed to retain slower speeds over a longer distance.

Speed Table

More Details

AdvantagesDisadvantages
Effective in reducing speedsSlows down emergency vehicles and buses
Maintenance and snow removal can be challenging
Increased noise
More difficult for bicyclists to cross

Speed humps are rounded raised areas placed across the road, but unlike speed lumps, they do not have cut-outs for large vehicles and bicycles. They are typically 3-3.5 inches high, typically parabolic in shape, and have a design speed of 15 to 20 MPH. A series of speed humps are often needed to retain slower speeds over a longer distance.


Speed Control Devices – Horizontal

Horizontal deflection devices use raised islands to eliminate straight-line paths along roadways and through intersections.

Traffic Circle

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Very effective in moderating speeds and improving safetyIf not designed properly, difficult for emergency vehicles or large trucks to travel around
Can have positive aesthetic valueMust be designed so that the circulating traffic does not encroach on crosswalks
Potential loss of on-street parking

Traffic circles are raised islands, placed in intersections, around which traffic circulates. Stop signs or yield signs can be used as traffic controls at the approaches of the traffic circle. Circles prevent drivers from speeding through intersections by impeding the straight-through movement and forcing drivers to slow down to yield. Depending upon the size of the intersection and circle, trucks may be permitted to turn left in front of the circle, and the agency can use mountable curbs if turn radii are a concern for emergency vehicles and/or trucks.

Slow Turn Wedge

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Effective in reducing speeds and conflicts with pedestrian/bicyclistsPotentially limited to one-way streets
Discourages drivers from cutting corners and encourage following the proper path when making left turnsLess durable than raised concrete islands
Low cost

Slow turn wedges use markings and flexible plastic posts to buffer pedestrians from traffic and shrink the area where they could get hit by a car.

Roundabout

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Enhanced safety compared to a traffic signal or stop signMay require major reconstruction of an existing intersection
Minimizes queuing at approaches to the intersectionLoss of on-street parking
Less expensive to operate than traffic signalsContinuous flow of traffic limits opportunity for pedestrians to cross (compared to signal)
Can have positive aesthetic valueMay present additional obstacles to visually impaired pedestrians
Shorter pedestrian crossing distance

Like traffic circles, roundabouts require traffic to circulate counterclockwise around a center island. But unlike circles, roundabouts are used on higher volume streets to allocate right-of-way among competing movements. They are found primarily on collector streets, often substituting for traffic signals. They are larger than neighborhood traffic circles, have raised splitter islands to channel approaching traffic to the right, and do not have stop signs. Due to large amount of required right-of-way and construction costs, roundabouts may be most appropriate for new developments or redevelopment areas.

Medians with Horizontal Deflection

A landscaped median at the entrance to Hollywood Avenue.

More Details

AdvantagesDisadvantages
Effective in moderating speeds and improving safetyCan increase potential for fixed object collisions
Where pedestrian crossing activity is expected, can provide two-stage crossing opportunitiesPotential loss of on-street parking
Can have positive aesthetic value

Medians are raised islands placed in the middle of the roadway around which traffic circulates. Medians do not always have horizontal deflection. To meet this definition, a median must extend into the travel lane to eliminate the straight-line path and force drivers to slow down to navigate around the measure.


Speed Control Devices – Narrowing

Narrowing devices use raised islands, curb extensions, and other treatments to narrow the travel lane for motorists. They are not as effective as vertical or horizontal devices, but can still provide traffic calming.

Curb Extension/Bulbout

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Reduces pedestrian crossing distance and exposure to vehiclesEffectiveness is limited by the absence of deflection
Through and left-turn movements are easily negotiable by large vehiclesMay slow right-turning emergency vehicles
Creates protected on-street parking baysPotential loss of on-street parking
Reduces speeds (especially right-turning vehicles)

Bulb-outs and curb extensions extend the sidewalk or pedestrian space to narrow the roadway. Their effectiveness in calming traffic is limited by the absence of vertical or horizontal deflection, but they can still be beneficial. Bulbouts can make intersections more pedestrian friendly by shortening the crossing distance and decreasing the curb radii, thus reducing turning vehicle speeds. Both of these effects increase pedestrian comfort and safety at the intersection.

Street Trees

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Low costRequires maintenance
Positive aesthetic value and placemaking
Reduces speeds, though studies are limited
Environmental benefits like reduced flooding and carbon emissions
Shade enhances pedestrian experience

Trees placed along streets can potentially help reduce motor vehicle speeds and collisions, though studies show mixed results. Streets lined with trees or with landscaped center medians can affect driver perception of lane width, called an “edge effect”. Street trees require irrigation in arid climates

Choker

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Easily negotiable by emergency vehicles and busesEffect on vehicle speeds is limited by the absence of vertical or horizontal deflection
Can have positive aesthetic valueMay require bicyclists to briefly merge with vehicular traffic
Reduces speedsLoss of on-street parking
Build-up of debris in gutter

Chokers are curb extensions at midblock that narrow a street. Chokers leave the street cross section with two lanes that are narrower than the normal cross section. Their effectiveness in calming traffic is limited by the absence of vertical or horizontal deflection, but they can still be beneficial.

Pedestrian Refuge Islands

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AdvantagesDisadvantages
Can increase pedestrian safetyEffect on vehicle speeds is limited by the absence of vertical or horizontal deflection
Can have positive aesthetic valuePotential loss of on-street parking
Reduces speeds

Medians are raised islands placed in the middle of the roadway around which traffic circulates. Medians without horizontal deflection do not extend into the travel lane, maintaining a straight-line path for drivers. While they are not as effective as medians with horizontal deflection, they can still be beneficial. They can act as pedestrian refuges, increasing pedestrian safety, and provide aesthetic benefits.


Volume Control Devices

Diversion devices use raised islands and curb extensions to preclude particular vehicle movements, such as left turns or through movements, usually at an intersection.

Forced Turn Island (Toucan)

More Details

AdvantagesDisadvantages
Can improve safety at an intersection by prohibiting critical turning movementsIf designed improperly, drivers can maneuver around the island to make and illegal movement
Reduces traffic volumesMay divert a traffic problem to a different street

Forced-turn islands, or toucans, are raised islands that prohibit certain movements on approaches to an intersection.


Contact Us

Email | livablestreets@slcgov.com